¡¡¡¡ÆÚ»õÊг¡µÄÀúÊ·¿ÉÒÔ×·Ëݵ½Ô¶¹Åʱ´ú¡£
¡¡¡¡Ô¶¾àÀëµÄÉÌÆ·½»Ò×£¬¹ÅÒÑÓÐÖ®¡£ÏóëèÄá»ù¡¢Ï£À°¡¢ÂÞÂíºÍ°ÝռͥµÛ‡øµÈÕâЩµ±Ê±µÄ¾¼ÃÇ¿‡ø£¬¶¼Óйý´óµÄ½»Ò×ÍøÂç¡£¾¡¹Üµ±Ê±Ö÷ÒªÊÇÎïÎï½»»»»òÒ»ÊÖ½»»õÒ»ÊÖ½»Ç®£¬µ«ÔÚÏ£À°µÄÊг¡ÉϺÍÂÞÂíµÄ½»Ò×ÖÐÐÄ£¬ÒѾÓÐÁËÂÔ¾ßÏÖ´úÌØÕ÷µÄ¶¨Ê±¼ä¡¢¶¨µØµãµÄ½»Ò×£¬ÉõÖÁÓйý¶¨ÆÚÔÚÒÔºóij¸öÈÕ×Ó½øÐн»¸îµÄÆõÔ¼¡£
¡¡¡¡¾ÝÔØ£¬×îÔçµÄÓÐ×éÖ¯µÄÆÚ»õ½»Ò׳öÏÖÔÚ1600Äê´úµÄÈÕ±¾¡£µ±Ê±µÄÈÕ±¾µÛ‡øÁ½·N¾¼ÃƽÐУºÒ»ÊÇÔÓеÄÒÔ¸ûµØ×ÊԴΪÖ÷µÄÅ©Òµ¾¼Ã£¬Ò»ÊÇÈÕÒæÀ©ÕŵijÇÊо¼Ã¡£¸»Ô£µÄµØÖ÷ºÍ·â½¨ÁìÖ÷·¢¾õËûÃÇ×Ô¼º±»¼·Ñ¹ÔÚÕâÁ½·N¾¼ÃÖ®¼ä¡£ËûÃÇÊյõĵØ×⣬ÊÇËûÃǵķ⽨µèÅ©ÒÔÿÄêÊÇÊճɵÄÐÎʽ½»¸øËûÃǵġ£Õâ·NÊÕÈëÊDz»¹æÔòµÄ£¬Êܵ½²»¿É¿ØÖƵÄÒòËصĸÉÈÅ£¬ÈçÆøºòºÍÆäËû¼¾½ÚÐÔµÄÌØÕ÷µÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÒòΪ»õ±Ò¾¼ÃÒªÇó¹ó×åÃÇÊÖÍ·ÉÏʼÖÕÓÐÏÖ½ð£¬ÊÕÈëµÄ²»Îȶ¨´ÙʹËûÃǰѶàÓàµÄÁ¸Ê³Ô˵½´ó³ÇÊдóÚæºÍ½»§(ÏÖ¶«¾©)£¬ÔÚÄÇÀïËûÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÕÒµ½²Ö¿â´¢´æÆðÀ´£¬µ½±ØҪʱ³öÊÛ¡£ÎªÁ˸ü¿ìµØµÃµ½Ïֽ𣬵ØÖ÷ÃǺܿì¾Í³öÊÛËûÃǵĿâ´æƱ¾Ý£¬¼´ËûÃÇ´¢´æÔÚÅ©´å»ò³ÇÊвֿâµÄ²úÆ·µÄƾ֤¡£ÉÌÈËÃÇÂò½øÕâЩƱ¾Ý£¬ÒÔÆÚ»ñµÃËûÃÇÔ¤ÏëµÄÐèÒª£¬ÒòΪËûÃÇҲͬÑùʱʱÊܵ½Êճɲ»ÎȵÄÓ°Ïì¡£
¡¡¡¡×îºó£¬"Á¸Ê³Æ±¾Ý"³ÉÁ˽»Ò×ÖÐÆÕ±é½ÓÊܵĻõ±ÒÐÎʽ¡£²»¹ý£¬¿â´æµÄÁ¸Ê³ÔÚÊýÁ¿Éϳ£³£²»ÄÜÂú×ã¹ó×åÃǵÄÐèÒª£¬Ðí¶àÉÌÈËÔÚ¹ó×åÃÇʵ¼Ê³öÊÛÁ¸Ê³Æ±¾Ý֮ǰ¾Í¸øËûÃÇÉÞÕÊ£¬µ±È»ÊÇÒªÊÕÀûÏ¢µÄ¡£
¡¡¡¡µ½17ÊÀ¼ÍºóÆÚ£¬ÈÕ±¾µÄµ¾Ã×Êг¡·¢Õ¹ÎªÖ»ÔÊÐí½øÐÐÆÚ»õ½»Ò×ÁË¡£1730Ä꣬ÈÕ±¾µÛ‡øÕþ¸®Õýʽ³ÐÈÏÕâÒ»Êг¡Îª"µ¾Ã×Ô¤ÆÚ½»Ò×"Êг¡¡£Êг¡ÉϵÄÐí¶à¹æ¶¨Óë½ñÌìÅ·ÃÀ‡ø¼ÒµÄÆÚ»õ½»Ò׹涨ÏàËÆ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÈÕ±¾µÄµ¾Ã×Êг¡Óë½ñÌìµÄÆÚ»õÊг¡µÄÖ÷Òª²»Í¬ÔÚÓÚ¡£Ëüʵ¼ÊÉÏ´ÓÀ´Ã»ÔÊÐí¹ýÏÖ»õ½»¸î¡£ÕâÒ»Ö»×¼"ÆÚ»õ½»Ò×"µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬µ¼ÖÂÆÚ»õÏÖ»õ¼Û¸ñ¹¦ÄÜ»ìÂÒ£¬Æð·üÑÏÖØ¡£1869Ä꣬ÓÉÓÚÏÖ»õÊг¡µÄ¼Û¸ñÓëÆÚ»õÊг¡µÄ¼Û¸ñ²î±ðÌ«´ó£¬ÈÕ±¾Õþ¸®¶ÏÈ»½ûÖ¹ÁËÆÚ»õ½»Òס£ÔڹرպóµÄ½üÁ½ÄêµÄʱÆÚÄÚ£¬ÏÖ»õÊг¡Éϵĵ¾Ã×¼Û¸ñ´óÆð´óÂ䣬һÅÉ»ìÂÒ£¬µÛ‡øÕþ¸®²»µÃ²»½â³ý½ûÁî¡£ºÜÓÐÒâ˼µÄÊÇ£¬ÉÌÆ·µÄÎïÖʽ»¸îºÍ»ñµÃÁËÐí¿É£¬ÆÚ»õÊг¡ÓëÏÖ»õÊг¡µÄÓÐЧ½áºÏ£¬Ïû³ýÁËÔÏȵIJ»Îȶ¨¡£
¡¡¡¡ÈÕ±¾ÔÚÆÚ»õÊг¡ÀïÒýÈëÏÖ»õÊг¡£¬ÏÔÈ»ÊÇÊܵ½Î÷·½½»Ò×µÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÔçÔÚ19ÊÀ¼ÍÔçÆÚ£¬Ëæ×ÅÃÀ‡ø¾¼ÃµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÉÌÆ·½»Ò×´ÓûÓÐ×éÖ¯µÄ¾ãÀÖ²¿Ð»áÐÎʽÑݽøµ½ÁËÕýʽµÄ½»Ò×Ëù¡£Ö¥¼Ó¸ç½»Ò×ίԱ»áÊǵÚÒ»¸öÕâÑùµÄ½»Ò×Ëù¡£ËüÓë1848Ä꽨Á¢£¬ÓÐ82¸ö³ÉÔ±¡£ÔÚÖ¥¼Ó¸çµÄ½»Ò×Óбê×¼¹æ¶¨¡¢¼ì²ìÖƶȺ͹ý°õÌåϵ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÃÀ‡ø´óµÄ½»Ò×ËùÖ÷ÒªÔÚÖ¥¼Ó¸çºÍŦԼ¡£Ñ¡ÔñÕâЩµØ·½ÊÇÓÉÓÚËûÃǶ¼ÔÚ½»Í¨ÒªµÀÉϵÄÔµ¹Ê¡£Å¦Ô¼µØ´¦º£Ô˵ÄÖØÒª¸Û¿Ú£¬ÊÇÀíÏëµÄ‡ø¼Ê½»Ò׳¡Ëù¡£Ö¥¼Ó¸çλÓÚͨÏòÃÀ‡øÅ©ÒµÐĸ¹µØ´øµÄÌú·ºÍˮ·ÖÐÐÄ£¬ÊÇÃÀ‡ø‡øÄÚ½»Ò××îÀíÏëµÄµØµã¡£
19ÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÒ¶£¬Ô¶ÆÚºÏÔ¼½¥½¥Ôö¶à£¬±»³ÆΪ"µ½°¶"ÆõÔ¼£¬ÓëÖÐÊÀ¼ÍµÄÉÌҵƱ¾Ý(lettre de faire)±¾ÖÊÉÏÏàËÆ£¬×îÔçµÄÆõÔ¼Ö»ÊÇ¿ÚÍ·ÉϵÄÐÒ飬»òÕß½ö½öÊÇÂòÂôË«·½Ö®¼äµÄÒ»·N¼òµ¥µÄ±¸Íü¶øÒÑ¡£ÓÉÓÚÖ¥¼Ó¸çÆÚ»õ½»Ò×Á¿µÄÔö´ó£¬ÓÉÓÚ·çÏÕͶ×ÊÕßµÄÔö¶à£¬Ê¹ÆÚ»õÊг¡±äµÃÊ®·Ö»îÔ¾£¬ÕâÑù¾ÍÓбØÒªÔö¼ÓÓйصĹ涨ÒÔʹ½»Ò×±£³·NÈÐòºÍ¹«Æ½£º
(1)Ñ¡Èë½»Ò×µÄÆ··NÐëÊÇÒ×ÓÚÈ·¶¨Æ·¼¶µÄ£»
(2)ÉÌÆ·µÄÆ·¼¶ÐëÓÉÕý³£µÄÕþ¸®¼ì²ìά³Ö£»
(3)Ö§¸¶ÐëÔÚ½»¸îʱÍê³É£»
(4)¼Û¸ñÐ빫¿ª£¬Èκν»Ò×Õß¾ù¿ÉƽµÈ¼ÓÈë½»Ò×£»
(5)ÂòÕߺÍÂôÕß¾ùÐëÓпɿ¿µÄ½ðÈÚÔðÈÎÐÄ£»
(6)ÂòÕߺÍÂôÕßÐëÓÐÏ൱¹æÄ£µÄÈËÊý£¬ÒÔÈ·±£³ÖÐøµÄ½»Ò×»ú»á¡£
ÕýÈçÇ°ÃæÌáµ½µÄ£¬Ö¥¼Ó¸çµÄ¹æÔòÓëÈÕ±¾ÔçÆڵĵ¾Ã×ÆÚ»õÊг¡µÄ¹æÔòÆÄÓÐÏàËÆÖ®´¦¡£
Ö¥¼Ó¸ç½»Ò×ίԱ»áµÄÆÚ»õ½»Ò׺ܿì¾Í´ïµ½ÁËÏ൱µÄ¹æÄ££¬²¢Ñ¸ËÙΪÆäËû½»Ò×Ëù²ÉÄÉ¡£1870Äêʱ£¬ÔÚŦԼµÄÆÚ»õ½»Ò×ÓÐŦԼ²úÆ·½»Ò×ËùºÍŦԼÃÞ»¨½»Ò×Ëù¡£Í¬Ò»Ä꣬ÔÚа¶ûÁ¼Ò²³öÏÖÁËÃÞ»¨½»Ò×Ëù¡£1885Ä꣬ŦԼµÄ¿§·È½»Ò×ËùµÄÆÚ»õ½»Ò×ÒÑÊ®·Ö»îÔ¾ÁË¡£×Ô19ÊÀ¼ÍÏ°ëÒ¶ÒÔÀ´£¬Ò»ÏµÁеÄÆäËûÉÌÆ·½»Ò×ËùÏà¼Ì³ÉÁ¢¡£
ÔÚÃÀ‡øÆÚ»õ½»Ò×Ê·ÉÏ£¬ÓÐЩÉÌÆ·£¬ÈçСÂóµÈ£¬±£³Ö׏㷺µÄ½»Ò×£»µ«Ò²ÓÐЩ£¬ÈçË¿³ñ¡¢°×ÍÑÓͺÍÖ½Õŵȣ¬ÓÉÓÚ·N·NÔÒòÒýÆðµÄ½»Ò×Á¿²»×㣬ÒÑÖð½¥ÌÔÌÁË¡£ÁíÓÐЩÉÌÆ·£¬ÈçÃÞ»¨¡¢¿§·È£¬½»Ò×ÏôÌõÁËÒ»¶Îʱ¼äºóÓÖÐËÍúÆðÀ´¡£½ðÈÚÆÚ»õ×ÔÒýÈëÆÚ»õÊг¡ºó·¢Õ¹¼«ÎªÑ¸ËÙ£¬ÇÒʼÖÕÊ®·Ö»îÔ¾¡£ÃÀ‡øÆÚ»õÊг¡ÒÑ·¢Õ¹µ½ÓÐ11¸ö½»Ò×ËùµÄ¹æÄ£¡£
ÆÚ»õ½»Ò×ÒÔÎïÖÊÉÌƷΪ»ù´¡Ïò·ÇÉÌÆ·»¯·¢Õ¹µÄ¹ý³ÌÊÇ´ÙʹÆÚ»õÐËÍúµÄÒ»¸ö¼«ÎªÖØÒªµÄÔÒò¡£ÆÚ»õ½»Ò×ÔÚÀúÊ·ÉÏÒ»Ö±ÊÇÒÔÎïÖʵÄÉÌƷΪ¶ÔÏóµÄ£¬Ò²ÊÇÒÔÕâЩÎïÖʵÄÉÌƷΪ»ù´¡µÄ¡£ÆÚ»õºÏÔ¼ÔòÊÇÒ»ÕÅƱ¾Ý£¬Ëü±¾ÉíûÓÐʲô¼ÛÖµ£¬Òò¶øÔÚºÏÔ¼½»Ò׵Ķà´ÎתʷNУ¬ËüÒѾÊÇ·ÇÉÌÆ·»¯µÄÉÌÆ·½»Ò×ÁË¡£µ±È»Õâ·N·ÇÉÌÆ·»°Ò²»¹ÊÇÒÔÎïÖÊÉÌƷΪ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶øËüÒ²ÓÐ×ÅÎïÖÊÉÌÆ·ÔÚ·¶Î§ºÍÊýÁ¿ÉϵľÖÏÞÐÔ¡£µ½ÁË20ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´ú£¬½ðÈÚÊг¡µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬Ê¹ÆÚ»õ½»Ò×Õâ·N·ÇÉÌÆ·»¯µÄ¹ý³Ì·¢Õ¹µ½ÑÏÖØÍÑÀëÉõÖÁÍêÈ«ÍÑÀëÎïÖÊÉÌÆ·»ù´¡ÁË¡£Òò¶ø£¬ÆÚ»õ½»Ò×´ÓÎïÖÊÊø¸¿Öнâ·Å³öÀ´¡£Õâ·N¶Ô×ÔÉíÎïÖÊÉÌÆ·»ù´¡µÄÑïÆú£¬¼ÓÉÏÏÖ´ú¿Æѧ¼¼ÊõÔÚÆÚ»õÁìÓòÖеÄÔËÓã¬ÒÔ¼°½ðÈÚÊг¡ÔÚÊýÁ¿¡¢Æ··NÉϵÄѸËÙ·¢Õ¹£¬´Ù½øÁËÆÚ»õÊг¡µÄÅÐËÍú¡£
70Äê´ú³õ£¬ÔÚÊÀ½ç·¶Î§ÄÚÍâ»ã´Ó¹Ì¶¨»ãÂÊתÏò¸¡¶¯»ãÂÊ£¬¼±¾çµØÔö¼ÓÁËÍâ»ã¼Û¸ñµÄ²¨¶¯¡£1971ÄêÃÀ‡ø‡ø¼Ê»õ±ÒÊг¡(IMM)¿ªÍØÁËÍâ»ãÆÚ»õ£¬ÒÔÐÖúͶ×ÊÕߺ͹«Ë¾°ÑÎÕ½»Ò×ÖеIJ»Îȶ¨ÐÔ¡£ÔÚÄǸöʱºò£¬ÉÌÒµ½çÔ½À´Ô½Ã÷ÏԵؿ´µ½£¬Í¨»õÅòÕÍΪ¹Ì¶¨ÊÕÈë֤ȯ(fixed-income securities)¼Û¸ñ±ä»¯Ôö¼ÓÁËÒ»¸öеÄÒòËØ¡£70Äê´úÔçÆÚ£¬Õþ¸®ÀûÂÊÔÚ¶ÌÆÚÄÚ¼±¾ç±ä»¯¡£´ËÍâÃÀÔ²Õ®ÎñºÆå«£¬¹âÊDzÆÕþ²¿Õ®Îñ¾Í³¬¹ýµ±Ê±Ò»ÄêÄÚÔÚÉÌÆ·½»Ò×ËùµÄ¹ÈÎï¼ÛÖµ£¬¶øµ±Ê±¹ÈÎï½»Ò×Õ¼Á˽»Ò×ÉÌÆ·µÄ´ó²¿·Ö¡£ÀûÏ¢Âʱ䶯ÈÕÉõºÍÕþ¸®Õ®ÎñÈոߣ¬ÎªÉ̽緢չһϵÁеĺÏÔ¼ÌṩÁË»ú»á£¬°üÀ¨×¨Òµ»¯µÄÌ×ÆںͷçÏÕͶ×Ê¡£
±¾ÐÂÎŹ²2Ò³,µ±Ç°ÔÚµÚ1Ò³ 1 2